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    <H1>Function Signature, Attributes and Variables</H1>
    
    <H2>Function Signature</H2>
    
    <P>A function's signature conveys the following information about a
    function:<BR>
    </P>

    <OL>
      <LI>The compiler-specific named calling convention</LI>

      <LI>The function's return data type (void indicates no return value)</LI>

      <LI>The function's name</LI>

      <LI>Ordered list of named parameters and associated data types.</LI>
    </OL>
    
    <BLOCKQUOTE>
      <P><IMG src="help/shared/note.png" alt="Note:">
      While certain changes may be made without commiting all return and parameter details, those
      changes which are made that require a full commit will cause the  
      <A href="#CommitDetails">Commit all return/parameter details</A> checkbox to be enabled.
      The user may choose to alter this full commit by checking or unchecking the corresponding
      checkbox.
      </P>
    </BLOCKQUOTE>
    
    <H2><A name="Function_Attributes"></A>Function Attributes</H2>

    <BLOCKQUOTE>
      <P>The following function attributes affect disassembly and semantic analysis and may be set
      via the <A href="Variables.htm#Edit_Function">Edit Function</A> dialog.</P>
      
      <H3>Custom Storage</H3>
      
      <P>The <I>Custom Storage</I> option, if enabled, provides the ability to 
      explicitly specify return/parameter storage.  By default, storage will be dynamically 
      computed based upon calling convention and return/parameter data types.  When dynamic 
      storage is computed, hidden "auto-parameters" may be injected as well as the use of 
      "forced-indirect" storage.

      <H3>Inline</H3>

      <P>Any <I>Inline</I> function called by another function may be treated as inline code
      instead of a function call during analysis.</P>

      <H3>No Return</H3>

      <P>While a typical function call is always assumed to return and continue flowing to the next
      instruction, marking a function as <I>No Return</I> forces an implied return immediately
      following a call to such a function. Depending upon the state of disassembly, marking a
      function as <I>No Return</I> may help to prevent a call to such a function from falling-thru
      to the next instruction during disassembly. If disassembly has already been done and the
      fall-thru has been improperly disassembled, the <A href=
      "../ClearPlugin/Clear.htm#Clear_Flow_and_Repair">Clear Flow and Repair</A> action
      may be used to cleanup the bad fall-through.</P>

      <H3>Varargs</H3>

      <P>Designated by a trailing '...' in the function signature, indicates that a variable number
      of parameters is allowed. Common C functions which employ Varargs are <I>printf</I> and
      <I>scanf</I>.</P>

      <H3>Call-Fixup</H3>

      <P>A function may be tagged with a predefined <I>Call-Fixup</I> which can be used to
      alter/simplify the semantic effect of calling such a function. The available set of
      predefined call-fixups are defined within the compiler specification (*.cspec file)
      associated with a program. This feature is typically used when the effects of calling a
      well-known function need to be simplified so that the caller can be more easily analyzed
      and/or understood.</P>
    </BLOCKQUOTE>
    
    
    <H2>Variables</H2>
    
    <P>There are two classes of function variables: Parameters and Local Variables.  The term Parameter 
    also includes the Function return value which has an associated data type and storage but has no 
    ordinal. </P>

    <P>Many processors use a stack as part of their calling conventions and/or for local variable storage. 
    In some cases, the return address is pushed onto the stack during the call operation. Any references to the
    stack (e.g., references and variable storage) are relative to the stack pointer when the function is entered. For a negative growing
    stack (like the X86 processor), the stack would look something like this:</P>

    <CENTER>
      <TABLE border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="30%">
        <TR>
          <TD align="center">-n</TD>
        </TR>

        <TR align="center">
          <TD>. . .</TD>
        </TR>

        <TR align="center">
          <TD>Local Variables</TD>
        </TR>

        <TR align="center">
          <TD>. . .</TD>
        </TR>

        <TR align="center">
          <TD>Saved Registers</TD>
        </TR>

        <TR align="center">
          <TD>Return Address</TD>
        </TR>

        <TR align="center">
          <TD>Parameter 1</TD>
        </TR>

        <TR align="center">
          <TD>. . .</TD>
        </TR>

        <TR align="center">
          <TD>Parameters</TD>
        </TR>

        <TR align="center">
          <TD>n</TD>
        </TR>
      </TABLE>
    </CENTER>
    
    <P>Structures, Unions, and Arrays can be used to define variables as well as the built in
    primitive <A href="../DataPlugin/Data.htm#DataTypes">data types</A>.&nbsp; To define
    structures, see <A href="../DataTypeEditors/StructureEditor.htm">Data Structure
    Editor</A></P> 
    
    <H3>Parameters (includes Function Return)</H3>
    
    <P>Storage for return/parameters can be computed dynamically based upon 
    the associated calling convention and data types (i.e., complete function signature).  The ability
    to properly compute the correct storage is limited by the current capabilities of the 
    function prototype models and Decompiler within Ghidra.  In some cases it will be necessary to enable 
    Custom Storage for a function and specify the correct storage locations for the return/parameters 
    including the ability to join multiple storage elements (i.e., varnodes) for a single parameter.</P>
    
    <P>When parameter storage is determined dynamically, the calling convention may dictate the 
    use of hidden parameters which we refer to as "<i>auto-parameters</i>" <b>(auto)</b>.
    In addition, the "<i>forced-indirect</i>" <b>(ptr)</b> condition may be imposed on
    parameters when large data is forced to be passed by reference.  When either of these
    is in use for the return or parameters, the <b>(auto)</b> or <b>(ptr)</b> designation
    will appear with the storage location displayed for each parameter.  The parameter names <b>'this'</b>
    and <b>'__return_storage_ptr__'</b> are reserved for the two supported auto-parameter cases.
    The <b>'this'</b> <i>auto-parameter</i> is imposed by the <i>__thiscall</i> calling convention,
    while <i>forced-indirect</i> is imposed by certain calling conventions which limit the maximum size
    of any parameter passed by value.  If <i>forced-indirect</i> is imposed on the return storage, the 
    <b>'__return_storage_ptr__'</b> <i>auto-parameter</i> will be imposed to allow the function caller
    to specify a pointer to the full return storage data location.  When using custom storage,
    it is assumed any <i>auto-parameters</i> will be explicitly defined as normal parameters if applicable.  
    Within the Program API, <i>auto-parameters</i> may not be directly manipulated and are immutable.
    </P>
    
    <P>The <A href="#Edit_Function">Function Editor</A> is the most affective means of modifying the 
    function signature either via the Code Browser listing or within the Decompiler</P>
    
    <H3>Local Variables</H3>
    
    <DIV style="margin-left: 40px;">
      <P><I>&nbsp;<IMG src="help/shared/note.png">Currently, there is no specific user interface
      action for creating Local Variables.&nbsp; Stack and register variables will be created
      automatically when a suitable stack or register reference is created via the user
      interface.&nbsp; Additionally, the Decompiler's commit actions will create Local Variables as
      needed.&nbsp;&nbsp;</I> <I>They can also be created programmatically.</I></P>
    </DIV>
    
    <P>In addition to register and stack locations, Local Variables
    also have the ability to be defined by the Decompiler to reflect temporary storage identified 
    by a hash value.  Please note that these hash type variables can sometimes not work as expected within the 
    Decompiler.  In addition, the scope of a local register variable is determined by its <i>first-use-offset</i>
    which reflects the instruction offset relative to the function entry point at which the variable
    is first written.  The variable will remain in scope from that point forward until another
    local variable comes into scope for the same storage location. Local stack variables assume a 
    <i>first-use-offset</i> of zero (0).</P>
    

    <H2><A name="DataType"></A>Define Variable Data Type or Function Return Type</H2>

    <BLOCKQUOTE>
      <P>Variables can be annotated with one of the <A href=
      "../DataPlugin/Data.htm#DataTypes">built in</A> or <A href=
      "../DataTypeManagerPlugin/data_type_manager_description.htm#CreateDataTypes">user
      defined data types</A>. &nbsp;The undefined or previously defined variable will be redefined
      to the new data type.&nbsp;</P>

      <P>Variable data types, including parameters and return, can be defined one of four ways:</P>

      <UL>
        <LI>Using right-mouse-click on the return type or a parameter within a function signature
        displayed within the listing.</LI>
      </UL>

      <BLOCKQUOTE>
        <OL>
          <LI>Right mouse click on the return type or parameter within the function signature</LI>

          <LI>
            If the cursor is over the return type, Select <B>Set Data Type</B><IMG src=
            "help/shared/arrow.gif"> ; if the cursor is over a parameter, select <B>Set Data
            Type</B><IMG src="help/shared/arrow.gif"> 

            <UL>
              <LI>The pull right menu lists data types that you have marked as "<A href=
              "../DataTypeManagerPlugin/data_type_manager_description.htm#Favorites">favorites</A>."</LI>

              <LI>After you apply a data type, this becomes your <A href="#Recently_Used">most
              recently used data type</A> and is shown on the menu with the 'Y' as the "hot
              key."</LI>
            </UL>
          </LI>
        </OL>
      </BLOCKQUOTE>

      <UL>
        <LI>Using right-mouse-click on a parameter, &lt;RETURN&gt; or local variable listed within the function
        variable listing</LI>
      </UL>

      <BLOCKQUOTE>
        <OL>
          <LI>Right mouse click on a parameter, &lt;RETURN&gt; or local variable</LI>

          <LI>
            Select <B>Set Data Type</B><IMG src="help/shared/arrow.gif"> 

            <UL>
              <LI>The pull right menu lists data types that you have marked as "<A href=
              "../DataTypeManagerPlugin/data_type_manager_description.htm#Favorites">favorites</A>."</LI>

              <LI>After you apply a data type, this becomes your <A href="#Recently_Used">most
              recently used data type</A> and is shown on the menu with the 'Y' as the "hot
              key."</LI>
            </UL>
          </LI>
        </OL>
      </BLOCKQUOTE>

      <UL>
        <LI>Using the <I><A href=
        "../DataTypeManagerPlugin/data_type_manager_description.htm">Data Type Manager</A></I> 
        window (drag and drop)</LI>
      </UL>

      <BLOCKQUOTE>
        <OL>
          <LI>From the Code Browser tool bar select Display Data Types&nbsp; <IMG src=
          "images/dataTypes.png"> &nbsp; icon</LI>

          <LI>In the <I>Data Type Manager</I> window select the appropriate data type</LI>

          <LI>Drag and Drop the data type onto the target parameter, &lt;RETURN&gt; or local variable in the Code Browser</LI>
        </OL>
      </BLOCKQUOTE>

      <UL>
        <LI><A href="../DataPlugin/Data.htm#DataCycleGroups">Assigned Quick key</A>,</LI>
      </UL>

      <BLOCKQUOTE>
        <UL type="">
          <LI>Place the cursor on the target parameter, &lt;RETURN&gt; or local variable</LI>

          <LI>Press a quick key set to specify a data type&nbsp; (i.e., "<I>b"</I>-byte,
          "<I>p</I>"-pointer, ...)&nbsp;</LI>
        </UL>
      </BLOCKQUOTE>
    </BLOCKQUOTE>

    <H2><A name="Edit_Function">Edit Function</A></H2>

    <BLOCKQUOTE>
      <P>Once a function has been created, there are many attributes of the function and its
      parameters that can be changed. The <B>Function Editor Dialog</B> allows you to make those
      changes. To edit a function do the following:</P>

      <OL>
        <LI>Place the cursor on a function signature</LI>
        <LI>Right-mouse-click, and select <I>Edit Function</I>.</LI>
        <LI>Edit any attributes of the function using the dialog.</LI>
		<LI>Consider <A href="#CommitDetails">committing all return/parameter details</A></LI>
        <LI>Press <I>OK</I> to save your changes.</LI>
      </OL>

      <P align="center"><IMG src="images/FunctionEditor.png"><BR>
      </P>

      <H3>Function Signature Field</H3>

      <P>The area at the top of the dialog is used to show the complete function signature. It
      will update as you make changes to the various fields in the dialog. </P>
      <P>You may also use this field to directly edit the signature, but <B>beware</B> that your changes
      will have to be parsed and the current parser is severely limited.
      Once you make a change in this field, all the
      other fields will be disabled temporarily until you complete your changes and press either
      &lt;TAB&gt; or &lt;RETURN&gt; to continue. You may also complete the edit by clicking outside
      of the signature field. </P>
      <P>If the parser fails to successfully parse your changed signature field, a dialog will appear
      giving you the option to continue typing in the field or aborting your edits in that field. </P>
		<BLOCKQUOTE>
	<P><I><IMG src="help/shared/note.png">Due to limitations in the parser, there are many 
	function signatures that Ghidra supports that you cannot directly enter by typing in the 
	function signature field.  For example, you cannot use the signature field to enter templated types.
	Also, the parser currently only supports common datatypes and datatypes that are currently used in your program.
	To enter more complicated values or find datatypes from open archives, use the more precise controls that the dialog provides.</I></P>
    </BLOCKQUOTE>
      <H3>Function Name</H3>

      <P>This text field can be used to change the name of the function.</P>

      <H3>Calling Convention</H3>

      <P>This field is a combobox that allows you to choose a calling convention from the list of
      known calling conventions for this processor and compiler specification. This choice
      will have no affect on storage if the <B>Custom Storage</B> checkbox has been selected.</P>

      <H3>Function Attributes</H3>

      <P>This sections contains a set of miscellaneous checkboxes that affect the function.</P>

      <UL>
        <LI><B>Varargs</B> - sets the function to have a variable number of arguments.</LI>

        <LI><B>In Line</B> - indicates this functions code is placed in line with the calling
        function.</LI>

        <LI><B>No Return</B> - used to indicate if this function does not return.</LI>

        <LI><B>Use Custom Storage</B> - If selected, the user can edit and change the storage of
        the return value and the parameters. Otherwise, the storage is deteremind by the selected
        calling convention.<BR>
        <BR>
        </LI>
      </UL>

      <H3>Parameters/Return Type Table</H3>

      <P>The parameters/return type table allows the user to add or remove parameters as well as changing their
      names and datatypes. It also displays the return value datatype and storage.
      Also, if the <B>Use Custom Storage</B> checkbox is selected, the storage
      of the parameters and return type can be changed.</P>

      <H4>Table fields</H4>

      <UL>
        <LI><B>Index</B> - indicates its ordinal position in the signature (starts with 1). This field can't be edited
        directly, but can be affected by the <B>Up</B> and <B>Down</B> buttons. Note: this field
        is blank for the return value.</LI>

        <LI><B>Datatype</B> - indicates the datatype of the parameter or return type. Clicking on this field will
        bring up a <A href="../DataTypeEditors/DataTypeSelectionDialog.htm">DataType
        Chooser Dialog</A>.</LI>

        <LI><B>Name</B> - the name of the parameter. This field can be edited directly in the table
        cell. Note: the name of the "return value" is &lt;RETURN&gt; and can't be changed.</LI>

        <LI><B>Storage</B> - the storage for the parameter or return value. If the <B>Use Custom Storage</B>
        checkbox is selected, this field can be edited by clicking on it and bringing up the
        parameter editor dialog.  If not using custom storage, <i>auto-parameters</i> or <i>forced-indirect</i>
        storage may be imposed as determined by the selected calling convention and is designated by <b>(auto)</b>
        or <b>(ptr)</b> with the displayed computed storage.</LI>
      </UL>

      <H4>Table Buttons</H4>

      <UL>
        <LI><B>Add</B> - Adds a new parameter to the function</LI>

        <LI><B>Remove</B> - Removes the selected row (parameter) from the table.</LI>

        <LI><B>Up</B> - Moves the selected parameter earlier in the signature.</LI>

        <LI><B>Down</B> - Moves the selected parameter later in the signature.</LI>
      </UL>

      <H3>Call Fixup</H3>

      <P>This field is a combobox that allows use to use a predefined Call-Fixup. A function may be
      tagged with a predefined Call-Fixup which can be used to alter/simplify the semantic effect
      of calling such a function. The available set of predefined Call-Fixups are defined within
      the compiler specification (*.cspec file) associated with a program. This feature is
      typically used when the effects of calling a well-known function need to be simplified so
      that the caller can be more easily analyzed and/or understood.</P>
      
      <H3><A name="CommitDetails">Commit all return/parameter details</A></H3>
      
      <P>This checkbox controls whether a complete function update will be performed, including
      datatype and optional custom-storage details, for the return and all parameters.  
      This checkbox will enable itself when
      specific changes are made which require a complete commit in order to preserve what is seen
      in the editor.  Use of custom storage or altering return or parameter datatypes will require
      a full commit in order to retain such changes.  It is important to note that a full Commit 
      with storage and/or datatype changes will impose a <I>USER_DEFINED</I> <B>Signature Source</B>
      which will lock-in parameter details within the Decompiler.  The <B>Signature Source</B>
      Function Listing Field can be useful for monitoring this state.</P>
      
      <BLOCKQUOTE>
        <P><IMG alt="" src="images/warning.help.png">
        If the signature has been autogenerated by the decompiler and changes have been made to 
        things other than the signature, like calling convention or callfixup, that may affect the 
        generated signature.  Consider changing the calling convention only to check if the 
        decompiler would generate the same signature unless you are sure the generated signature 
        is correct.</P>
      </BLOCKQUOTE>
      
      <P>Prior to clicking the dialog's <B>OK</B> button the user may uncheck this control to
      prevent return/parameter changes from being committed.  Once datatype or custom-storage 
      choices have been changed, any parameter name changes will also require a full commit to 
      preserve such changes.  A full commit is not required if only parameter names have been
      changed.  The exception to this is when the Function Editor is used within the Decompiler
      and parameters have not previously be committed.</P>
      
    </BLOCKQUOTE>

    <H2><A name="Edit_Parameter_Storage"></A>Edit Parameter Storage Dialog</H2>
	<BLOCKQUOTE>
    <P>This dialog is invoked by clicking on the storage column in the <A href=
    "#Edit_Function">Edit Function</A> dialog. This dialog allows your to precisely specify the
    storage of a parameter. The parameter can even be divided amongst multiple storage locations.
    Each row of the table specifies a storage location used by the parameter.</P>

    <P align="center"><IMG src="images/EditStorage.png"><BR>
    </P>

    <H3>Size Information</H3>

    <P>The top of the dialog shows two sizes. The <B>Datatype</B> size is the size required to
    store the parameter based on its current datatype. The <B>Allocated Size</B> shows how much
    storage as been allocated based on the rows in the table.</P>

    <H3>Storage Table</H3>

    <P>A table of storage locations where each row represents a storage location. You must add
    enough storage location rows to get enough storage space for the size of the parameters
    datatype.</P>
	<BLOCKQUOTE>
    <H4>Table Columns</H4>

    <UL>
      <LI><B>Type</B> - the type of storage. Can be either Stack, Register, or Memory. Clicking on
      the field will bring up a table version of a combo-box.</LI>

      <LI><B>Location</B> - Indicates the specific location for the type. For stack, it will be an
      integer offset. For register, it will be the name of the register. For memory, it will be the
      address. Clicking on this field will bring up an editor appropriate for the storage
      type.</LI>

      <LI><B>Size</B> - The size for this storage. For stack and memory, it will be the number of
      consecutive bytes to use for this storage. For a register, it will the number of bytes to use
      within the register, up to the size of the register.</LI>
    </UL>

    <H4>Table Buttons</H4>

    <UL>
      <LI><B>Add</B> - Adds a new storage location</LI>

      <LI><B>Remove</B> - Removes the selected row (storage location) from the table.</LI>

      <LI><B>Up</B> - Moves the selected storage location earlier in the allocation.</LI>

      <LI><B>Down</B> - Moves the selected storage location later in the allocation.</LI>
    </UL>
	</BLOCKQUOTE>
	</BLOCKQUOTE>
    
    <H2><A name="Create_Function_Definition"></A>Create Function Definition</H2>

    <BLOCKQUOTE>
      <P>Once you have defined a function, you can make a function signature definition which is a
      new data type that can be applied to another function so that it has the same signature. The
      data type appears under the <A href=
      "../DataTypeManagerPlugin/data_type_manager_window.html#ProgramRootNode">program
      node</A> in the <I><A href=
      "../DataTypeManagerPlugin/data_type_manager_description.htm">Manage Data
      Types</A></I> window.</P>

      <P>To create a function definition, position the cursor on a function signature, right mouse
      click and select <I>Create Function Definition</I>.</P>

      <P>A new data type is created; the name of the data type is the same name as the
      function.</P>

      <P>To create a new function signature definition using the one you created, drag the data
      type from the <I>Data Type Manager</I> window and drop it on the existing function where you
      want the new function signature to be created.&nbsp;</P>

      <P><I><IMG src="help/shared/note.png">If you attempt to create a function definition on one
      that you have already defined, nothing happens.</I></P>
    </BLOCKQUOTE>

    <H2><A name="Rename_Variable"></A> <A name="Rename_Function_Variable"></A> Rename Variable</H2>

    <BLOCKQUOTE>
      <P>Rename Variable will change the name of a variable from its default name to a user-defined
      name.</P>

      <P>To Rename a Variable,</P>

      <DIV style="margin-left: 2em" type="">
        <OL start="1" type="1">
          <LI>Place the cursor on the target variable within the function variable listing</LI>

          <LI>Right-mouse-click, select <B>Function Variables</B><IMG src=
          "help/shared/arrow.gif"><B>Rename Parameter...</B> or <B>Function Variables</B><IMG src=
          "help/shared/arrow.gif"><B>Rename Local Variable...</B></LI>

          <LI>Type the new variable name in the dialog and press<B>&lt;Enter&gt;</B>, OR click on
          the <B>OK</B> button</LI>
        </OL>
      </DIV>
    </BLOCKQUOTE>

    <H2><A name="Delete_Function_Variable"></A>Delete Variable</H2>

    <BLOCKQUOTE>
      <P><I>Delete Variable</I> will remove the target variable from the listing.&nbsp; There is no
      confirmation with <I>Delete Variable</I>.&nbsp; However, the operation can be undone using
      the <A href="../Tool/Undo_Redo.htm">Undo operation</A>.</P>

      <P>To delete a variable,</P>

      <DIV style="margin-left: 2em" type="">
        <OL start="1" type="1">
          <LI>Place the cursor on the target variable within the function variable listing</LI>

          <LI>Right-mouse-click, select <B>Function Variables</B><IMG src=
          "help/shared/arrow.gif"><B>Delete Parameter</B> or <B>Function Variables</B><IMG src=
          "help/shared/arrow.gif"><B>Delete Local Variable</B></LI>
        </OL>
      </DIV>
    </BLOCKQUOTE>

    <H2><A name="Edit_Variable_Comment"></A>Edit Comment</H2>

    <BLOCKQUOTE>
      <P>Stack Parameters and Local variables can have comments associated with them.&nbsp; The
      comment is free form text.&nbsp; If a comment already exists, the comment is modified.</P>

      <P>To add/edit a comment to a variable,</P>

      <OL>
        <LI>Place the cursor on the target variable</LI>

        <LI>Right-mouse-click, select <I>Edit Comment</I></LI>

        <LI>Enter the comment.</LI>

        <LI>Select <I>OK</I></LI>
      </OL>
    </BLOCKQUOTE>

    <H2><A name="Delete_Function_Variable_Comment"></A>Remove Comment</H2>

    <P>To remove a function variable comment,&nbsp;</P>

    <OL>
      <LI>Place the cursor on the variable comment</LI>

      <LI>Hit the &lt;<B>Delete</B>&gt; key</LI>
    </OL>

    <H2><A name="Recently_Used"></A>Recently Used Data Type</H2>

    <P>The data menu shows an option for the data type that was most recently used. By default, the
    "hot key" assigned to this option is 'y,' however, you can change the key assignment through
    the <A href="../Tool/ToolOptions_Dialog.htm#KeyBindings_Option">key bindings panel</A>
    on the <A href="../Tool/ToolOptions_Dialog.htm">Edit Options dialog</A>.&nbsp;</P>

    <P class="providedbyplugin">Provided By: <I>Function</I> Plugin</P>

    <P class="relatedtopic">Related Topics:</P>

    <UL>
      <LI><A href="../DataTypeEditors/StructureEditor.htm">Data Structure Editor</A></LI>

      <LI><A href="../DataTypeManagerPlugin/data_type_manager_description.htm">Data Type
      Manager</A></LI>

      <LI><A href="Functions.htm">Functions</A></LI>
    </UL>
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